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Should India Implement a More Stringent Family Planning System?

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Efforts to curb unintended pregnancies

Map of countries past fertility charge per unit. India's fertility rate has greatly decreased in recent years and is at present distinctly beneath the global rate.

1966 family planning stamp from India

Family unit planning in India is based on efforts largely sponsored by the Indian regime. From 1965 to 2009, contraceptive usage has more than than tripled (from 13% of married women in 1970 to 48% in 2009) and the fertility charge per unit has more than halved (from v.7 in 1966 to 2.4 in 2012), just the national fertility rate in absolute numbers remains loftier, causing business organization for long-term population growth. India adds up to 1,000,000 people to its population every 20 days.[ane] [2] [3] [four] [5] Extensive family planning has go a priority in an effort to curb the projected population of two billion by the end of the twenty-first century.

In 2016, the total fertility rate of Bharat was ii.thirty births per woman[6] and 15.6 1000000 abortions performed, with an ballgame rate of 47.0 abortions per 1000 women aged between xv and 49 years.[vii] With loftier abortions rates follows a high number of unintended pregnancies, with a rate of 70.1 unintended pregnancies per 1000 women aged fifteen–49 years.[seven] Overall, the abortions occurring in India make up for one third of pregnancies and out of all pregnancies occurring, nearly half were not planned.[viii] On the Demographic Transition Model, India falls in the third stage due to decreased birth rates and death rates.[9] In 2026, information technology is projected to exist in stage four once the Total Fertility Rate reaches 2.ane.[9]

Contraceptive usage [edit]

The Carmine Triangle indicates family planning products and services in India

Women in India are not being fully educated on contraception usage and what they are putting in their bodies.[10] From 2005 to 2006 information was collected to indicate but xv.six% of women using contraception in India were informed of all their options and what those options actually practice.[10] Contraceptive usage has been ascent gradually in Republic of india. In 1970, 13% of married women used modern contraceptive methods, which rose to 35% by 1997 and 48% past 2009.[2]

Awareness of contraception is nigh-universal among married women in India.[11] Withal, the vast bulk of married Indians (76% in a 2009 study) reported significant problems in accessing a choice of contraceptive methods.[3] The above table clearly indicates more than show that the availability of contraceptives is a trouble for people in Republic of india. In 2009, 48.four% of married women were estimated to utilise a contraceptive method.[3] Nearly three-fourths of these were using female person sterilization which is by far the nearly prevalent nascency-command method in India.[3] Condoms, at a mere 3%, were the next near prevalent method.[3] Meghalaya, at 20%, had the lowest usage of contraception among all Indian states. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh were the other two states that reported usage below xxx%.[3] It is important to note that sterilization is a common practice in India. Contraceptive practices in India are heavily skewed towards terminal methods like sterilization, which means that contraception is good primarily for birth limitation rather than nativity planning.[12] Information technology is common to apply camps to enforce sterilization. This procedure can be done with or without consent.[13]

Comparative studies have indicated that increased female literacy is correlated strongly with a decline in fertility.[14] Studies take indicated that female literacy levels are an contained strong predictor of the use of contraception, fifty-fifty when women do not otherwise have economic independence.[15] Female literacy levels in India may exist the main factor that help in population stabilisation, merely they are improving relatively slowly: a 1990 written report estimated that it would have until 2060 for India to achieve universal literacy at the current rate of progress.[fourteen]

In 2015, at that place was an average 58% of women who used contraceptives, with female sterilization still being the most preferred and favored amidst 91% of women.[16] College rates of sterilization are seen amidst women who hold less education than those with more instruction. Those with college instruction have lower rates due to the delay of getting married and childbirth.[16] 77% of the women who underwent sterilization had non used an alternative contraception prior to the procedure and nigh women were nether the age of 26, who seem to accept many options bachelor in regards to protection.[17] The preoccupation with birth limitation by India's family planning programme has meant that it has non been able to successfully reach young married women who are in the process of edifice their family and enable them to encounter their family planning intentions.[12]

According to Family planning 2020, in 2017 at that place were 136,569,000 women using modern method contraception which prevented: 39,170,000 unintended pregnancies, xi,966,000 unsafe abortions, and 42,000 maternal deaths due to family planning.[eighteen] In 2012, Republic of india's modernistic contraception prevalence rate among all women was 39.ii, in 2017 information technology was 39.57, and in 2020 is predicted to ascension to 40.87.[xviii]

Family Planning Programme [edit]

A family planning stamp from 1989

The Ministry building of Health and Family unit Welfare is the authorities unit responsible for formulating and executing family planning in India. An inverted Reddish Triangle is the symbol for family planning health and contraception services in India. In addition to the newly implemented government entrada, improved healthcare facilities, increased didactics for women, and college participation among women in the workforce accept helped lower fertility rates in many Indian cities. The objectives of the program are positioned towards achieving the goals stated in several policy documents.[xix] While Republic of india is improving in fertility rates, there are nonetheless areas of Bharat that maintain much higher fertility rates.[20] [21]

In 2017, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched Mission Pariwar Vikas, a central family planning initiative. The key strategic focus of this initiative is on improving admission to contraceptives through delivering assured services, ensuring commodity security and accelerating access to high quality family planning services. its overall goal is to reduce Republic of india's overall fertility rate to 2.one by the year 2025.[22] Along with that ii contraceptive pills, MPA (Medroxyprogesterone acetate) under Antara program and Chaya (earlier marketed every bit Saheli) will be fabricated freely available to all government hospitals.[22]

Family planning program benefits not only parents and children simply also to society and nation, by existence able to keep the number of new births under control allows for less population growth.[23] With less population growth this volition allow for more resource towards those already existing in the Indian population, with more resources comes longer life expectancy and better health.[23]

Fertility charge per unit [edit]

India'southward current fertility rate as of 2016, is two.3 births per woman. The fertility rate (average number of children born per woman during her lifetime) in India has been declining, though it has yet not reached the boilerplate replacement rate yet. The average replacement rate is 2.1. (This charge per unit is said to stabilize a population) Replacement charge per unit can be defined as the rate at which the population exactly replaces itself.[24] Factoring in babe mortality, the replacement charge per unit is approximately 2.1 in most industrialised nations and about 2.5 in developing nations (due to higher mortality). The fertility rates in India accept dropped quickly in rural areas, but are dropping at a stable rate in urban and populated areas.[25] Although this seems promising, two-thirds of India's population resides in rural areas, adding to the decreased fertility rate.[25] Discounting immigration and population momentum effects, a nation that crosses beneath the replacement rate is on the path to population stabilisation and, eventually, population reduction. At that place have been several factors influencing contempo trends in Indian fertility including, merely not limited to: limitation of family unit planning power, age at wedlock/childbirth, and the infinite between children built-in to one woman.[19] Although Bharat is dealing with major overpopulation bug, the fertility charge per unit and the overall population is failing.[25]

Historical fertility tendency [edit]

The fertility charge per unit in India has been in long-term decline, and more than halved from 1960 to 2009. From v.vii births per woman in 1966, it declined to 3.3 births per woman by 1997 and 2.vii births per adult female in 2009.[four] [five] In 2005 the TFR, (total fertility rate), was listed as 2.9 births per women. Since this time, the country has recorded a steady decline in guild to reach the electric current rate (as of 2014) of 2.3 births per woman.[xix]

Land and state comparisons [edit]

Twenty Indian states have dipped below the 2.one replacement rate level and are no longer contributing to Indian population growth.[26] The total fertility rate of India stands at 2.2 as of 2017. Four Indian states accept fertility rates above 3.five - Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland Of these, Bihar has a fertility rate of 4.0 births per woman, the highest of any Indian state. For detailed state figures and rankings, run across Indian states ranking by fertility rate.

In 2009, India had a lower estimated fertility rate than Pakistan and Bangladesh, just a higher fertility charge per unit than China, Islamic republic of iran, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.[27]

According to Jin Rou New and colleagues enquiry and data[28] they were able to compile enough data to create the following table.

Tabular array i: Showing data in regards to contraception use in India[28]
Land Prevalence of modernistic contraceptive use in 2015 Unmet demand for modern methods in 2015 Demand satisfied with modern methods in 2015 Change in prevalence of modern contraceptive use, 1990–2015 Prevalence of mod contraceptive use in 2030 Unmet need for mod methods in 2030 Demand satisfied with modern methods in 2030 Increment in percentage of users of mod methods required to run across 75% demand satisfied target compared with 2015 Boosted number of users of mod methods (millions) required to come across 75% need satisfied target compared with 2015
Andhra Pradesh 69.viii (65.eight to 73.v) five.v (4.5 to 6.7) 92.seven (90.9 to 94.2) 25.1 (14.2 to 36.2) lxx.v (51.4 to 84.two) 6.5 (2.7 to 13.ix) 91.5 (79.4 to 96.9) .. ..
Arunachal Pradesh 47.2 (36.four to 58.0) 23.3 (16.3 to 31.two) 66.nine (55.3 to 77.4) 29.vi (xvi.9 to 42.3) 55.iv (35.4 to 73.9) 18.nine (ix.4 to 31.8) 74.v (54.ane to 88.4) viii.8 (–3.0 to xx.0) 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)
Assam twoscore.9 (28.9 to 52.9) 35.6 (25.five to 47.7) 53.5 (38.3 to 67.0) 21.seven (7.6 to 35.four) 48.5 (26.0 to 69.one) 28.6 (14.i to 50.0) 62.9 (35.3 to 82.6) 17.five (4.one to 31.0) 1.37 (0.72 to 2.01)
Bihar 26.0 (22.5 to 29.9) 22.ix (twenty.5 to 25.six) 53.1 (48.0 to 58.three) 6.three (–1.7 to thirteen.iii) 41.0 (24.iv to sixty.0) 21.2 (12.five to 31.1) 65.6 (46.7 to 82.3) 21.2 (nine.nine to 30.7) 5.08 (3.04 to 6.78)
Chhattisgarh 57.0 (46.four to 67.ane) xvi.7 (11.ii to 23.6) 77.3 (67.two to 85.4) 26.0 (–0.5 to 49.1) 60.nine (40.8 to 77.9) 14.9 (6.7 to 26.ix) eighty.2 (61.half-dozen to 91.nine) .. ..
Delhi 58.0 (42.three to 72.0) 19.6 (xi.3 to 31.7) 74.7 (57.9 to 86.2) six.4 (–12.1 to 23.7) lx.three (38.7 to 78.0) 18.0 (8.ane to 33.viii) 77.0 (54.7 to ninety.4) 0.nine (–12.5 to sixteen.0) 0.54 (0.21 to 0.90)
Goa 25.vii (22.3 to 29.6) 20.1 (17.nine to 22.v) 56.1 (51.0 to 61.1) –10.0 (−20.0 to −0.5) 38.8 (22.7 to 57.5) 20.8 (12.6 to 30.six) 64.9 (45.8 to 81.2) xix.5 (8.1 to 29.five) 0.06 (0.03 to 0.09)
Gujarat 57.6 (41.9 to 71.iv) xvi.7 ( ix.vi to 27.three) 77.v (61.six to 87.ix) xiii.0 (–5.6 to 30.5) 60.five (38.8 to 78.seven) xv.3 (half dozen.eight to 29.six) 79.7 (58.3 to 91.8) .. ..
Haryana 58.four (54.0 to 62.5) thirteen.8 (12.0 to xv.8) fourscore.9 (77.seven to 83.seven) sixteen.4 (5.9 to 26.7) sixty.9 (41.nine to 77.0) 13.8 (6.8 to 24.4) 81.4 (64.4 to 91.7) .. ..
Himachal Pradesh 58.7 (47.eight to 68.8) 15.5 (nine.viii to 22.8) 79.1 (68.4 to 87.2) vi.viii (–7.eight to 21.i) 62.ane (41.9 to 78.9) 13.8 (6.one to 25.5) 81.8 (63.2 to 92.eight) .. ..
Jammu and Kashmir 47.6 (32.3 to 62.7) 24.ii (15.0 to 36.0) 66.2 (49.0 to lxxx.three) x.4 (–vii.7 to 28.2) 53.4 (32.three to 72.8) 20.9 (10.0 to 36.ix) 71.7 (48.1 to 87.vii) 8.iii (–6.0 to 23.3) 0.34 (0.11 to 0.57)
Jharkhand 45.ix (35.0 to 56.5) 28.vi (xx.7 to 37.7) 61.5 (49.0 to 72.six) 28.4 (4.5 to 46.5) 54.1 (32.viii to 73.1) 22.8 (11.iv to 39.three) 70.2 (46.six to 86.2) 12.i (0.0 to 23.4) 1.18 (0.55 to 1.75)
Karnataka 54.1 (49.4 to 58.8) 10.9 (9.iii to 12.7) 83.ii (79.9 to 86.1) ix.0 (–2.0 to 20.1) 59.seven (40.two to 76.vii) eleven.four (five.ane to xx.iv) 84.0 (67.half dozen to 93.6) .. ..
Kerala 54.7 (44.0 to 64.9) nineteen.vi (xiii.2 to 27.3) 73.six (62.half-dozen to 82.six) iii.0 (–11.0 to 17.0) 58.one (38.half-dozen to 75.0) 17.ix (8.8 to 31.2) 76.four (56.4 to 89.3) 2.4 (–9.0 to 13.four) 0.55 (–0.18 to i.25)
Madhya Pradesh 52.4 (47.7 to 57.0) 14.2 (12.4 to 16.3) 78.6 (75.0 to 81.8) 16.5 (–7.1 to 37.8) 58.3 (39.3 to 75.0) thirteen.ix (6.viii to 23.seven) fourscore.seven (63.viii to 91.five) .. ..
Maharashtra 63.5 (59.1 to 67.five) 11.7 (10.1 to 13.5) 84.four (81.6 to 86.9) 13.0 (2.2 to 24.0) 65.4 (46.five to 80.5) 11.5 (5.ii to 21.iii) 85.0 (69.4 to 93.viii) .. ..
Manipur 14.vii ( 8.nine to 22.3) 40.three (30.9 to fifty.4) 26.8 (sixteen.7 to 38.5) –seven.7 (–17.half-dozen to two.4) 28.8 (13.ii to 48.eight) 35.0 (22.two to l.nine) 44.ix (22.5 to 67.2) 33.viii (21.half-dozen to 44.3) 0.fifteen (0.11 to 0.19)
Meghalaya 21.one (eighteen.1 to 24.5) 25.7 (23.1 to 28.v) 45.0 (forty.1 to 50.0) 7.vi (1.two to thirteen.2) 35.v (xix.8 to 54.three) 25.iv (16.1 to 36.ane) 57.9 (38.4 to 76.ii) 25.3 (14.1 to 34.seven) 0.13 (0.08 to 0.17)
Mizoram threescore.1 (48.9 to 70.three) xvi.4 (10.2 to 24.4) 78.5 (67.3 to 87.1) viii.7 (–6.five to 23.5) 63.3 (43.one to 80.1) thirteen.5 (v.v to 25.4) 82.4 (63.7 to 93.6) .. ..
Nagaland 37.0 (21.vii to 54.three) 29.8 (19.8 to 41.3) 55.2 (36.7 to 72.five) 25.0 (8.7 to 43.i) 49.ane (27.7 to 70.viii) 23.7 (eleven.7 to 39.4) 67.2 (43.3 to 85.4) 17.viii (2.4 to 32.2) 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)
Odisha 48.three (37.3 to 59.two) 26.6 (18.8 to 36.2) 64.5 (51.4 to 75.5) fifteen.7 (1.0 to 29.nine) 54.8 (34.0 to 73.0) 21.4 (10.7 to 37.8) 71.9 (48.8 to 87.0) 9.two (–2.nine to 21.0) one.25 (0.39 to two.04)
Punjab 60.3 (49.7 to 69.9) 15.1 (9.9 to 21.9) 79.9 (70.two to 87.3) 12.0 (–2.0 to 25.9) 77.one (64.2 to 87.0) 14.7 (half-dozen.9 to 26.8) fourscore.7 (62.two to 91.vi) .. ..
Rajasthan 62.3 (51.8 to 71.2) 16.0 (10.viii to 23.0) 79.5 (69.9 to 86.6) 33.9 (xx.1 to 46.4) 65.5 (45.2 to 81.3) xiii.ix (6.3 to 26.5) 82.iv (63.ix to 92.7) .. ..
Sikkim 48.4 (43.iv to 53.3) 22.3 (nineteen.vi to 25.3) 68.five (63.6 to 72.8) 16.viii (–1.3 to 32.9) 55.7 (36.3 to 73.3) xviii.7 (9.iii to thirty.v) 74.vii (55.6 to 88.5) seven.7 (–2.ane to 15.7) 0.02 (0.01 to 0.03)
Tamil Nadu 53.7 (48.9 to 58.5) 11.4 ( 9.8 to 13.2) 82.5 (79.0 to 85.iv) 10.eight (–0.two to 21.5) 59.2 (39.nine to 75.9) eleven.vii (5.4 to 20.vi) 83.5 (67.0 to 93.2) .. ..
Tripura 43.1 (38.five to 47.eight) 31.9 (27.0 to 37.viii) 57.5 (50.8 to 63.five) xiv.3 (3.7 to 24.1) 49.8 (29.0 to 68.6) 26.3 (13.8 to 45.iii) 65.three (40.i to 82.9) 14.vii (4.ix to 23.3) 0.17 (0.10 to 0.22)
Uttar Pradesh twoscore.7 (29.eight to 52.0) 35.0 (25.eight to 45.5) 53.7 (forty.ane to 66.iii) 24.1 (eleven.3 to 36.ix) 51.7 (29.eight to 71.2) 26.2 (13.3 to 44.9) 66.2 (41.5 to 84.1) xviii.0 (5.5 to 30.2) 9.xviii (v.53 to 12.61)
Uttarakhand 50.ix (46.3 to 55.3) 19.ix (17.5 to 22.vi) 71.8 (67.7 to 75.6) 15.2 (–viii.3 to 36.seven) 56.4 (37.seven to 73.7) 17.half-dozen (nine.0 to 29.3) 76.i (57.3 to 89.0) 5.0 (–four.6 to 13.2) 0.26 (0.09 to 0.39)
W Bengal 57.5 (52.ix to 61.9) 21.seven (17.8 to 26.6) 72.6 (66.8 to 77.4) 21.7 (ten.8 to 32.3) 59.half dozen (39.one to 75.vii) nineteen.9 (10.0 to 37.three) 74.ix (52.1 to 88.i) 2.6 (–6.5 to x.iv) 2.10 (0.51 to iii.44)

Family in Pronatalist India [edit]

India carries a pronatalist attitude towards fertility, with the large family unit construction creating an environment for new children to learn and abound in Indian civilisation. In many parts of India, male children are favored over female person children, still efforts are being taken to modify this attitude. Males are raised to exist assertive and independent figures, while females are raised to put others before themselves, peculiarly their family. Families tend to encourage childbearing and expect to provide an environment of support for any new members of the family unit, raising the children based on Indian family practices and beliefs. Children are non encouraged to exist independent or assist the family from an early age, rather the family expects to support and provide for the kid until they reach boyhood.[29]

Two-Child Policy [edit]

Multiple Indian states have adopted a limited 2-child policy. The policies are implemented past prohibiting persons with more than than 2 children from serving in authorities.[30] The most recent policy to be implemented was past Assam in 2017.[31] Some states take repealed policies; Chhattisgarh introduced a policy in 2001[32] and repealed it in 2005.[33]

A criticism of these policies is that it decreases the number of women in regime positions, and encourages sexual activity-selective abortions.[34]

Every bit of 2014, there were 11 Indian states that implemented the two-kid policy, in hopes to reduce the number of children per family.[35] The policy was geared mainly towards politicians, future and aspiring, to limit their number of children to ii or less.[35] Those who held politicians have stricter policies in hopes that they will set up an example for the customs, if one were to exceed the limit of two children while employed, they would be terminated from the job.[35] Non-politicians may also receive consequences to exceed the two child limit, the government begins to withhold health intendance, government rights, face jail and, fees.[35]

Modern Initiatives in Reproductive Wellness [edit]

Progress on reproductive wellness and family unit planning has been limited.[ commendation needed ] Every bit of 2016, Republic of india's infant bloodshed rate is 34.six per grand livebirths,[36] and equally of 2015, maternal bloodshed sits at 174 per 100,000 livebirths.[37] Leading causes of maternal mortality include hemorrhage, sepsis, complications of abortion, and hypertensive disorders, and infection, premature birth, birth asphyxia, pneumonia, and diarrhea for infants.[38] In 2005, the Regime of India established the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in try to accost some of these issues among others.[38] The objective of the NRHM includes the provision of constructive healthcare to rural areas, especially to poor and vulnerable populations.[39] Through the NRHM, special provisions take been made to address concerns for reproductive wellness, especially for adolescents who are more than likely to participate in risky sexual behaviors and less probable to visit health facilities than adults.[40] Ultimately, the NRHM aims to push button India towards the Millennium Development Goal targets for reproductive health.[38]

History of Family Planning Programmes [edit]

Raghunath Dhondo Karve published a Marathi-language magazine Samaj Swasthya (समाज स्वास्थ्य) starting from July 1927 until 1953. In it, he continually discussed issues of lodge's well-beingness involving population control through use of contraceptives. He explained the utilize of contraception would help prevent unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions. Karve proposed that the Indian Government should accept up a population control programme, simply was met with opposition. Mahatma Gandhi was the master opponent of nascency control. His opposition was the result of his conventionalities that cocky-control is the best contraceptive. Nevertheless, Periyar'due south views were strikingly different from that of Gandhi. He saw birth control as a means for women to command their ain lives.[41]

In 1952, India became the get-go land in the developing world to create a state-sponsored family planning program, the National Family Planning Program.[42] The program's primary objectives were to lower fertility rates and slow population growth every bit a means to propel economic development.[43] The program was based on five guiding principles:

  1. "The community must be prepared to feel the need for the services in order that, when provided, these may be accepted
  2. Parents alone must decide the number of children they desire and their obligations towards them
  3. People should be approached through the media they respect and their recognized and trusted leaders and without offending their religious and moral values and susceptibilities
  4. Services should be made available to the people as near to their doorsteps equally possible
  5. Services take greater relevance and effectiveness if fabricated an integral part of medical and public health services and especially of maternal and child wellness programs"[44]

The program was tied to a series of v year plans aimed at economic growth and restructuring which were carried out over 28 years, from 1952 to 1979.[43] Over the grade of this period, preferred birth command methods shifted from the rhythm method eventually to a focus on sterilization and IUDs.[43]

Since the beginning, India'south family planning program was marred by a "vertical approach" rather than working on additional factors. These factors affecting population growth include poverty, education, public health care. Attributable to the strange aid flowing in for the family unit planning programs, in that location has always been a foreign intervention in designing the family unit planning programs in India without assessing the actual socio-economic weather condition of the land. In the early 1970s, Indira Gandhi, Prime Government minister of India, had implemented a forced sterilisation programme, but failed. Officially, men with two children or more had to submit to sterilisation, merely many unmarried young men, political opponents and ignorant, poor men were likewise believed to take been sterilised. This program is still remembered and criticised in Republic of india, and is blamed for creating a public aversion to family unit planning, which hampered Authorities programs for decades.[45] After emergency the focus of family planning program shifted to women as sterilising men proved to exist politically expensive.[21]

Over the form of the program, family unit planning in Bharat resulted in a nineteen.ix% subtract in birth rate where it has since stagnated at 35 births per 1000 persons.[43] By 1996, the program had been estimated to have averted sixteen.8 crore births.[46] This is due in part to government intervention which established many clinics likewise every bit the enforcement of fines for those who avoided family planning. Additionally, in that location was high variance betwixt regions in the use of family planning.[47] However, maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates remain high along with the number of unsafe abortions, and piffling is known near the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.[48]

Come across also [edit]

  • List of states and matrimony territories of India past fertility charge per unit
  • Total fertility rate
  • One-child policy in Red china
  • Nativity control
  • Human population planning

References [edit]

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  2. ^ a b Marian Rengel (2000), Encyclopedia of birth control, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN978-ane-57356-255-3, archived from the original on 7 Oct 2015, retrieved ane February 2016, ... In 1997, 36% of married women used modern contraceptives; in 1970, only 13% of married women had ...
  3. ^ a b c d e f India and Family unit Planning: An Overview (PDF), Department of Family and Community Health, Globe Health Organization, archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2009, retrieved 2009-eleven-25
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Farther reading [edit]

  • Mandani, Mahmood (1972). The Myth of Population Control: Family unit, Caste, and Grade in an Indian Village, in serial, Mod Reader. First Modern Reader Pbk. ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973, cop. 1972. 173 p. SBN 85345-284-nine

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India

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